Shuttleless loom uses pdf. Fabric selvedge; Module7.

Shuttleless loom uses pdf Drawbacks of a conventional shuttle loom; Module2. Shuttleless Loom can be categorised as follows: • Rapier Loom • Projectile Loom • Water Jet Loom • Air Jet Loom • Multi-shed Oct 27, 2010 · Another new type can use four colors in the warp. It consumes high labor cost. OR, A loom using a jet of air to carry the yarn through the shed. Automatic Loom or Shuttleless Loom technology. Shuttleless looms have been developed to overcome the inherent problems created by the dynamics of the picking mechanism on conventional shuttle looms and make use of entirely different method of Pre unwinding device for use in a shuttleless weaving loom and weaving loom provided with such a device Download PDF Info Publication number EP0774018B1. Several grippers are normally used in the loom. pptx), PDF File (. Warp breaks are lower in a shuttleless loom. It then describes the key components and functioning of single and double rigid and flexible rapier systems. The document discusses different types of shuttleless looms used in weaving including projectile, rapier, and multiphase looms. While one is crossing the loom with weft yarn, the While one is crossing the loom with weft yarn, the A selvage-knitting needle (21) for use in a shuttleless loom is attached at an angle to a support bar (26) which is angularly movable by rocker means (31) to enable an intersection of the axes of the needle and support bar to substantially follow an arc of a circle. The shuttle loom is the oldest type of weaving loom which uses a shuttle which contains a bobbin of filling yarn that appears through a hole situated in the side. Shuttle looms produce light-edge cloth where the weft is not woven to the edge and can be removed for several meters Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for tuck-in selvedge setting in a tuck-in device of a shuttleless loom for towel in a series of weaving operations by combining pile fabric and non-pile fabric, whereby the method for tuck-in selvedge setting in a tuck-in device of a shuttleless loom for The weaving principle of a water jet loom is similar to an air jet loom, the only difference being that water is used instead of air. The responsibility of Weaver Projectile loom is to run the loom efficiently so as to get maximum output with minimum defects giving due importance to safety and environment aspects Personal Attributes Water jet loom is a kind of shuttleless loom which uses water jet to pull the weft yarn through the shuttle opening. The saving in time with QSC in Picanol is illustrated with an example in Table-3 Table-4 Average Loom Stoppage Time (in minutes) Stop factor With QSC system Without QSC system Waiting time 5 5 Loom unloading 10 40 Trolley waiting time 10 40 Loom loading 8 25 Reed,hardness locking 6 60 New style setting 15 15 Loom restart 5 25 Interference loss Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US4331181A. It discusses collecting information on raw materials and market capacity. A hot air dryer was used to dry the warp yarn after sizing. Jun 3, 2016 · The document discusses the rapier loom, a type of shuttleless weaving loom. Shuttleless Loom Air Jet Looms A jet of air is used to propel the weft yarn Main nozzle is used for insertion Tandem nozzle reduces weft insertion time Speeds of up to 600 ppm Uniform weft yarns are needed Noise level is lower than rapier loom Pick breaks more due to excess air pressure Consumes low energy Textured/heavier yarns are preferred Fig. The machine can have 2-4 pick weft insertions in the shed. A selvage-knitting needle for use in a shuttleless loom is attached at an angle to a support bar which is angularly movable by rocker means to enable an intersection of the axes of the needle and support bar to substantially follow an arc of a circle. Shuttle less loom has specific characteristics and applications method. Mar 31, 2015 · The mechanical type uses drop wires and reciprocating bars to obstruct loom movement if a thread breaks. Jul 9, 2015 · Shuttleless Loom. 2 : Fully guided solid carrier; 3. It can use a single or double rapier system. It is still not certain when the weaving process was introduced to human society. 3% during the forecast period. 3 : Basic concepts of fluid carrier; Module4. However, it is Handloom, Powerloom. The weft insertion methods of the shuttleless loom are diverse, and shuttleless weaving machines can be classified as follows: Rapier weaving machine Pneumatic/air-jet weaving machine; Water jet weaving machine Projectile weaving machine Multi-shed/multiphase weaving machine Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US4331181A. 2 Shuttleless looms have been developed to overcome the inherent problems created by the dynamics of the picking mechanism on the conventional Fly Shuttle Looms and make use of entirely different methods of weft insertion. Picking process of air jet loom 11 SHUTTLELESS LOOM PDF >> DOWNLOAD SHUTTLELESS LOOM PDF >> READ ONLINE yarn quality standards yarn quality requirements for shuttleless weaving Need of Shuttleless Loom, Disadvantages of Shuttle loom, Advantages of Shuttleless loom, Weaving Speed, Production Rate,. In the shuttleless Loom, weft insertion is done by various devices such as rapier, air jet, water spray, projective, multi-spindle mouth etc. cotton, wool, silk, monofilament, multifilament, tapes, even hard fibres such as jute and linen. Another type has two small rapiers, one on each side, one carrying the filling halfway through the shed. Air-jet loom have become very popular in recent years. When a rigid rapier is used, the space required by the loom Laxmi Shuttleless Looms Pvt. Water jet loom machine consumes less power than others. Download PDF Info Publication number WO1995030033A1. Pre unwinding device for use in a shuttleless weaving loom and weaving loom provided with such a device Download PDF Info Publication number EP0774018B1. The electrical type uses drop wires to complete or break an electrical circuit, activating a solenoid that stops the loom. The miniature sizing box was made of wood which consist of electric heater. This needs low consumption of stores and spares. Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. in Apr 28, 2017 · Shuttleless looms overcome these issues by separating weft storage from transport, allowing for smaller, lighterweight carriers and higher loom speeds with wider reeds for improved productivity and fabric quality. Its working principle mainly relies on water as the weft-inducing medium, the weft yarns are brought into the bobbin mouth through the water beam, and then the weft-beating mechanism drives the reed to beat the weft yarns entering the bobbin mouth into the weaving mouth and shuttle and shuttleless power looms. 2. The questions test understanding of key concepts like the characteristic features and components of different shuttleless weaving mechanisms, the factors that allow The invention discloses a ring seat used for a shuttleless loom temple, which comprises an elliptic ring seat body, wherein the middle part of the elliptic ring seat body is provided with a connecting hole; the elliptic ring seat body comprises a platform and a boss; the platform and the boss are coaxially arranged; and the edge of the platform is provided with a plurality of locating holes. [1] Fluid-jet looms can operate at a faster speed than predecessor looms such as rapier looms, but they are not Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US4331181A. Loom 02 Loom 03 Loom 04 Table 3 is the study conducted to determine the effectiveness of Loom patrolling/online inspection to minimize the gray fabric defect in the quality department. The range of weaving is relatively wide, and hemp, cotton, chemical fiber, and ply yarn can basically be adapted. These kind of shuttleless looms are equipped with advanced mechanisms like electronic let-off motion, electronic shedding motion, computer based monitoring, electronic dobby and jacquard machine. Needle loom. It provides details on the classification, working principles, advantages, and main parts of projectile looms. TSC/Q2203: Shuttleless Loom Weaver - Rapier Brief Job Description A shuttle-less loom weaver - Rapier is a job-role in a weaving department. g. 1 : Partially guided solid carrier; 3. Types of shuttle less loom: . 1. Ltd. The mill plans to operate 3 shifts per day, 3 days a week to produce cloth from dyed warp and wet yarn, estimated at 0. The new shuttleless machines are simply called ″weaving machines″, this term implying looms working without the shuttle. 12. The loom has undergone series of changes from the vertical to the horizontal after which other accessories were added and that includes heddles, reed, harnesses, levers, cloth roller and the warp beam. In a system to effect supplemental ejection of highly pressured operating fluid on a fluid-jet type shuttleless loom, the ejection terminal of each auxiliary nozzle is normally held at a stand-by position below and untouchable to the lower warp sheet of an open shed, but, only at the timing of the supplemental ejection, provisionally brought to an operating position in a specified area 11. The rapier loom operates by using rapier tapes or rods to carry the weft yarn across the warp shed, enabling high-speed weaving with precise control. Nov 1, 2023 · In the modern weaving industry, shuttleless Loom has been introduced. It includes questions about projectile propulsion systems, rapier weaving systems, air jet looms, water jet looms, and griper shuttle looms. This is the type of loom used for making narrow fabrics. Method for supplemental fluid ejection on a shuttleless loom and an auxiliary nozzle used therefor Download PDF Info Publication number EP0034576B1. Jun 10, 2022 · Rapier loom is a shuttleless power loom. Jan 5, 2025 · Techno-Economics of Shuttleless Looms: There are mainly four types of shuttleless loom used for mass production: projectile, rapier, air-jet and water-jet looms. Oct 27, 2010 · Another new type can use four colors in the warp. In modern times, the use of shuttle less looms is increasing rapidly. Air Jet, Water Jet, Rapier, Rapier Looms are a shuttleless weaving loom in which the filling yarn is carried through the shed of warp yarns to the other side of the loom. Shuttleless loom needs low consumption of stores and spares. It provides details on their working principles, specifications, suitable applications, advantages and disadvantages. The responsibility of Weaver Airjet loom is to run the loom efficiently so as to get maximum output with minimum defects giving due importance to safety and environment aspects Personal Attributes TSC/Q2202: Shuttleless Loom Weaver - Projectile Brief Job Description A shuttleless loom weaver (projectile), is a job-role in a weaving department. austinpublishinggroup. ppt / . This document outlines a proposal for establishing 12 shuttleless rapier looms. This invention relates to an improved gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom, the gripper head having a pair of clamping jaws for weft thread and the improvement comprising resilient ringshaped covering means on one of said jaws. May 29, 2020 · Comparison of Shuttle looms and Shuttleless looms Introduction The weaving is a process of formation of fabric with interlacement of two or more sets of yarns using a stable machine called loom. nic. The warp is the tightly stretched picks /inch in double weave, the loom size of the shawl will be 85”x45”. Shuttleless looms were developed to overcome these issues by using various technologies like rapier, air jet, or water jet to insert weft without a shuttle. Rapier weaving loom A rigid or flexible rapier head is used to clamp and guide weft threads. The shuttleless loom is the modern loom. 64x64ments in the execution of shuttleless Weaving looms. Below is the main structure and characteristics of rapier loom. txt) or read book online for free. Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US4331181A. There are two main types - single rigid rapier looms, which use one long rapier across the full width, and double rigid rapier looms, which use two The device used for weaving a fabric is called loom. Jan 4, 2012 · OR, A shuttleless loom capable of very high speeds that uses an air jet to propel the filling yarn through the shed. Shuttle less loom is the modern loom. Rapeir Loom TD-736 PDF. May 29, 2023 · Warp breaks are lower in the shuttleless loom. While one is crossing the loom with weft yarn, the others are returning to the starting position The dragging of the weft yarn across a loom creates strain on this yarn, so projectile looms are not suited for weaving with very weak yarn. They require less energy for weft insertion and can weave fabrics with more colors and designs. Projectile weaving machine is a shuttleless loom method for filling yarn insertion using a small metal device resembling a bullet in appearance with a clamp for gripping the yarn at one end, which is then propelled into and through the shed. Air Jet, Water Jet, Rapier, Submit your Manuscript | www. the conventional Fly Shuttle Looms and make use of entirely different methods of weft insertion. TSC/Q2204: Shuttleless Loom Weaver - Airjet Brief Job Description A shuttle-less loom weaver - Airjet, is a job-role in a weaving department. RAPIER It is the main part of rapier loom It is used insted of shuttle Shattle Exit Gripper Enter Gripper Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. of shifts / day : 3 5. The utility model relates to a hairness skin-sticking device for a shuttleless loom, which is used for solving the problem of high end breakage rate. The shuttle less loom has specific characteristics and applications method for the weaving process. Key responsibilities include ensuring safe, cost-effective production with importance placed on safety and environmental standards. 01 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 2. But now, enter the superhero of the weaving world – the shuttleless loom. Higher number of weft insertion in water jet loom than air jet loom (normally 600ppm). It creates less noise than rapier loom and missile. There are two main types: single rapier machines which use a single rigid rapier, and double rapier machines which use two rapiers - one to carry the yarn to the center and the other Shuttle looms have limitations including requiring a heavy shuttle to pass through the warp shed for weft insertion, which causes noise, vibration, and wear on mechanisms. The two-harness loom in Figure 18. Here, production rate is higher. It has low labor costs. A conventional loom was used to weave the fabric of specification with PPM (Picks Per Minute) near to 160. 27 Billion in 2023 and market is projected to touch 4. The shuttleless loom market is a fast growing market with a wide range of products and applications. The document discusses different types of shuttleless looms used in modern weaving, including projectile, rapier, and jet (water jet and air jet) looms. The responsibility of Weaver Water jet loom is to run the loom efficiently so as to get maximum output with minimum defects giving due importance to safety and environment aspects. Depending on the design to be woven, one or more of the shafts (or healds) in the loom are raised, while the remainder stay in the lowered position. There are two main types - single rigid rapier looms, which use one long rapier across the full width, and double rigid rapier looms, which use two Apr 27, 2016 · RAPIER LOOM Rapier loom is a shuttleless weaving loom in which the filling yarn is carried through the shed of warp yarns to the other side of the loom by finger like carriers called rapiers. Handloom, Powerloom. The Value Xd is the difference between loom patrol recorded defects on the loom to the fabric inspection recorded defects in the 5 Amanuel Figure 1. Machine drive and power consumption; Module5. This machine has low efficiency. Aug 15, 2024 · Shuttleless loom Projectile loom (II) Several grippers are normally used in the loom. Speed : 320 RPM 3. Air Jet, Water Jet, Rapier, Gripper (Projectile) and Multi-Phase are the various types of Shuttleless Weaving Machines named after the method employed for weft insertion. TSC/Q2211: Shuttleless Loom Operator Brief Job Description Shuttleless loom operator is a job-role in the weaving department of a textile mill for carrying out weaving activity in shuttleless loom efficiently to get maximum output with minimum defects, giving due importance to safety and environmental aspects. Mar 1, 2022 · Request PDF | On Mar 1, 2022, K. Shuttle looms use a traditional shuttle to insert the weft, which is large, heavy, and vibrates the machine loudly as it is projected repeatedly. Productivity Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. Moreover, the loom operates on only one nozzle, thereby limiting the fabric range and fabric width that can be woven on water jet looms. Air jet loom. The invention discloses a four-color combination attention device for a shuttleless loom. com Adv Res Text Eng 8(3): id1091 (2023) - Page - 04 Austin Publishing Group Projectile Loom Feb 17, 2025 · SHUTTLELESS LOOM MARKET REPORT OVERVIEW. They differ in principle of operation and, hence, their operational cost. The length of the single rapier is equal to the width of the loom, this requires relatively high mass and rigidity of the rapier to ensure straight movement of the rapier head. Implementation will require raising share capital, obtaining electricity connection and permits The document contains multiple choice questions related to shuttleless weaving systems. The shuttle less loom has different picking method. Working days/annum : 358 6. Dec 25, 2016 · The document discusses the rapier loom, a type of shuttleless weaving loom. 4. various types of shuttle loom TSC/Q2204: Shuttleless Loom Weaver - Airjet Brief Job Description A shuttle-less loom weaver - Airjet, is a job-role in a weaving department. High Speed Jan 10, 2020 · The document discusses the rapier loom, a type of shuttleless weaving loom. Oct 27, 2010 · Actually, the research work on the shuttle loom was dropped in the first half of the 70’s, with the arrival on the market and the prevalence of systems using for weft insertion other ways than the shuttle. Rapier looms are most suitable for fashion fabrics due to their Nov 18, 2020 · This document discusses the rapier loom and rapier weaving. pdf), Text File (. US27225A 1969-11-11 1970-04-10 Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Expired - Lifetime US3662785A (en) An air jet tuck-in device for use in a shuttleless loom for weaving a fabric (1) including a plurality of weave sections having different weft densities includes one or more tuck-in nozzles (4) disposed at a side of a row of warp yarns for tucking an end portion (2a) of a weft yarn into a warp shedding (30) after weft insertion; switching means (5) that switches an ejection position of the Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US4331181A. Working hours/shift : 8 hours 4. com Adv Res Text Eng 8(3): id1091 (2023) - Page - 04 Austin Publishing Group Projectile Loom Oct 31, 2022 · A rapier loom uses finger-like carriers called rapiers to carry the filling yarn through the shed from one side of the loom to the other without using a shuttle. 3 Shuttleless Weaving Machines are generally of wider widths See full list on texmin. The terms warp and weft are two key terms used in the process of weaving. 0 Comments. This type of loom is suitable for producing synthetic fabric. It carries the weft thread back and forth across the warp threads. The utility model discloses a harness wire of last use of shuttleless loom, its comprehensive pole main part that includes the longitudinal extension, wherein the main part middle part is provided with the harness eye, the main part both ends are connected with the heald end loop respectively. The four-color combination attention device comprises a four-color combination lamp formed by combining a red lamp, a green lamp, a yellow lamp and a blue lamp. Shedding Shedding is the first operation of the weaving cycle. There are two main types - single rigid rapier looms, which use one long rapier across the full width, and double rigid rapier looms, which use two Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number EP0025135B1. Jun 12, 2015 · The document discusses the rapier loom, a type of shuttleless weaving loom. May 6, 2023 · Method for supplemental fluid ejection on a shuttleless loom and an auxiliary nozzle used therefor Download PDF Info Publication number EP0034576B1. Global Shuttleless Loom Market size was USD 3. An air-jet loom is a shuttleless loom that uses a jet of air to propel the weft yarn through the warp shed. Personal Attributes Shuttle- Less Loom Weaver - Airjet - Free ebook download as PDF File (. shuttleless loom - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. The responsibility of Weaver Rapier loom is to run the loom efficiently so as to get maximum output with minimum defects giving due importance to safety and environment aspects Personal Attributes Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. May 12, 2008 · The wide use of the shuttleless loom demonstrates a strong technical support to the modernization of textile industry in China. The calculation is as under :-- 1. The technical scheme thereof is as follows: the hairness skin-sticking device comprises a box body, an upper cover, a pressure adjusting mechanism, an oil felt pad and porcelain eyes, wherein the upper cover is inserted on the box body; the Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. They have higher operating speeds than shuttle looms, allowing for higher production. A shuttleless loom, as the name suggests, does away with the need for a shuttle. Shuttleless loom There are many methods toward weft insertions of shuttleless looms, such as rapier、spray （jet and water jet）、projectile、multi spindle（multi phases）and weaving, etc. - Manufacturer of Rapier Loom, Jacquard Looms & Dobby Rapier Looms from Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India A pair of weft grippers for looms, of the type in which the weft yarn is retained by engagement of the head of a slider (2), movable longitudinally to the gripper, with a cooperating counteracting surface of the body (1) of said gripper, said slider being stressed by a spring (3) and being released under control of a lever (8) operated by an element fixed to the loom. . Show More. 1 will be used to illustrate each step in weaving. Fabric selvedge; Module7. Its production efficiency is higher than the shuttle loom. The role involves maintaining automatic shuttle-less looms efficiently to maximize output while minimizing defects. In literal sense, they are the technical terms for the two types of thread used to weave a cloth. Although, it uses to produce highly fashionable fabrics with a high production rate prior to shuttle loom. 3. Nov 27, 2023 · Traditionally, looms used a shuttle, a small boat-shaped tool. However, only hydrophobic yarns can be used in weaving on these looms. In this paper, automation of shuttled power loom is proposed. Type of Loom : Shuttleless Rapier Electronic Jacquard Powerloom of 2688 hooks and320cms working width. Submit your Manuscript | www. A rapier loom uses finger-like carriers called rapiers to pull the weft yarn across the loom between the warp yarns. Air-jet loom is one of the two types of fluid jet looms where another one is water jet loom. It is used to produce high fashionable fabrics with high production rate. Shuttle-less looms use various weft insertion methods like rapier, jet, and projectile that are faster and more efficient. Techno-Economics This document provides qualifications and standards for the job role of a Fitter - Shuttleless Weaving Machine: Projectile. A conventional shuttle performs three functions; •it stores a certain length of weft within its hollow in the form of a pirn, With projectile weft insertion practically any type of yarn can be woven, e. The role requires good Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number EP0025135B1. Pre unwinding device for use in a shuttleless weaving loom and weaving loom Gripper head for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3662785A. Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number EP0025135B1. Basic principle of the unconventional shuttleless system; Module3. There are two main types - single rigid rapier looms, which use one long rapier across the full width, and double rigid rapier looms, which use two TSC/Q2211: Shuttleless Loom Operator Brief Job Description Shuttleless loom operator is a job-role in the weaving department of a textile mill for carrying out weaving activity in shuttleless loom efficiently to get maximum output with minimum defects, giving due importance to safety and environmental aspects. Drive to sley; Module6. Shuttleless looms were developed to meet growing production demands. 25 lakh metres annually. Feeding device of filling yarn used for shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number US3554240A. Thangamani and others published Techno-Economics of Shuttleless Looms | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Chapter. Method for supplemental fluid ejection on a shuttleless loom and an auxiliary nozzle used therefor Download PDF Info Publication number US4384597A. Nov 18, 2020 · Disadvantages: A single rapier carries the yarn in one way only and half of the rapier movement is wasted. Pre unwinding device for use in a spoolless weaving loom, using a woofinjector which device comprises a winding body (5) with a variable adjustable diameter situated within a thread receiving cylinder (16) in which a thread stopping device (19) can be activated. Mar 1, 2024 · Selvage-knitting needle mechanism for use in a shuttleless loom Download PDF Info Publication number EP0025135B1. A miniature sizing unit was integrated with an ordinary power loom. One type has a single long rapier that reaches across the loom's width to carry the filling. No. Whether fine or coarse, all yarns are reliably gripped and inserted by the projectile. Multiphase looms are highlighted as being able to insert multiple weft yarns The movement system that is used for flexible gripper tapes in a kind of shuttleless loom comprises backboard, in order to band not with the zone of driving wheel engagement at the top guidance tape, this backboard has the compressed-air actuated a plurality of holes of supply of suitable setting. Jan 1, 2013 · These basic processes have remained unchanged over centuries, whether the technology is a handloom, power loom, automatic loom or shuttleless loom. [1] It is one of two types of fluid-jet looms, the other being a water-jet loom, which was developed previously. Advantages of Water Jet Loom: 1. The manufacturing cost may be different for different looms for producing the same fabric. Ribbon loom. Additionally, it describes single rigid rapier looms and flexible rapier looms. Rapier looms are one of the most widely used shuttleless looms in the textile industry. The responsibility of Weaver Airjet loom is to run the loom efficiently so as to get maximum output with minimum defects giving due importance to safety and environment aspects Personal Attributes TSC/Q2207: Shuttleless Loom Weaver - Water Jet Brief Job Description A shuttle-less loom weaver Water jet, is a job-role in a weaving department. Key technologies include weft carriers instead of shuttles, matched cam beat up mechanisms, electronic let-off and take-up systems, and quick Shuttleless loomShuttleless loomProjectile loom (II)Projectile loom (II) Several grippers are normally used in the loom. In the modern times, the uses of shuttle less ae increased rapidly. This is the type of shuttleless weaving machine in which the weft is drawn from a stationary supply and introduced into the shed in the form of a double-pick by a weft inserter needle. It begins by defining a rapier loom as one that uses a rapier to pull the weft yarn across the loom. txt) or view presentation slides online. They are known for their versatility, efficiency, and ability to handle a variety of fabrics. foajfm xlwn gfhhyhnk uyoyoa fkigpx zln ywcgo rcgp ilsfveo kvy oroihz rpwja daqi ebpema jovdt